Mathematics is the study of numbers, sets of points, and various abstract elements, together with relations between them and operations performed on them. Originally mathematics was concerned with the properties of numbers and space, as the science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in arithmetic, or the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra.

This article addresses modern science, by which we mean science as we now understand it; e.g. making use of the scientific method of controlled experimental verification of hypotheses. Before the 1500s, it was typically thought that the natural world could be understood by invoking supernatural deities, or by simplistic (and sometimes, not so simplistic) theories founded on casual observation and 'common sense'

Chemistry is the branch of science concerned with the properties, structure, and composition of substances and their reactions with one another. There are two main divisions, organic and inorganic. Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the elements and all their compounds except those of carbon, which are the subject of organic chemistry. Physical chemistry studies their physical properties and structures and the relations between energy and physical and chemical change. Analytical chemistry is concerned with determining the composition of substances.

Archaeology is the science of unearthing sites containing remains of ancient habitation, with the goal of learning about culture, society, ecology, intellectual life and beliefs; modern archaeology employs the tools of history, anthropology, geology, and biology to recover the hidden past. Archaeology studies ancient peoples and cultures by analyzing their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other remains. Archaeology comes from the Greek archaiologia, meaning the discussion of antiquities. An archaeologist studies former cultures and societies by examining the material things they left behind. This normally involves digging, either on land or the sea bed, and observing what is discovered, where it is found, and what is near it.

Technology is the study and knowledge of the practical applications of scientific discoveries; e.g. for the production of goods and services that improve the human condition and environment. The processes by which human beings fashion tools and machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment. Technology is closely related to science and engineering. It includes the development of new materials, machinery, and processes that improve production and solve technical problems. Agriculture, Engineering, Radio, Space, Television, Transport

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